一、相关背景
1、2007年注册会计师考试在英语测试选考的同时，将在会计和审计两门课程中直接增加10分的英语附加题。这一变化主要是为了满足中国经济和行业发展对国际人才的需要。财政部CPA考试委员会将根据今年的考试情况进一步研究如何将英文附加题逐步推广到其他考试科目中。据此看来，在CPA各科考试中加重英语的分量将是一个趋势。
2、增加英语附加题后，会计、审计总分为110分，及格分仍为60分，总体考试时间不变。英语附加题要求用英语回答，所以考生朋友们一定要根据本人英语水平选择作答。有一定英语基础（大学英语四、六级水平，掌握一定的财经英语词汇），打算选答英语附加题的考生朋友更应该合理规划和安排时间，在考试时认真阅读试卷首页的特别提示和答题导语，争取尽可能多的在英语附加题上拿分。英语基础较差的考生朋友不要慌乱，心态要放平和，力争前面的100分，如果时间允许可尝试做英语附加题。
二、可能的题型
因为只有10分的英语题，所以估计出客观题的可能性不大，很有可能是主观题，并且是专业题。题型可能包括：名词解释，英汉互译，问答（理论性的或业务性的）。
三、会计英语讲解
会计报表中英文对照
Accounting
1. Financial reporting（财务报告） includes not only financial
statements but also other means of communicating information
that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information
provided by a business enterprise’s accounting system----that
is, information about an enterprise’s resources, obligations,
earnings, etc.
2. Objectives of financial reporting: 财务报告的目标
Financial reporting should:
(1) Provide information that helps in making investment
and credit decisions.
(2) Provide information that enables assessing future
cash flows.
(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about
economic resources, claims against those resources, and
changes in them.
3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设
(1) Economic entity assumption 会计主体假设
This assumption simply says that the business and the
owner of the business are two separate legal and economic
entities. Each entity should account and report its own
financial activities.
(2) Going concern assumption 持续经营假设
This assumption states that the enterprise will continue
in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.
This assumption enables accountants to make estimates
about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized
over time.
This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting
which records accrual and deferral entries as of each
balance sheet date.
(3) Time period assumption 会计分期假设
This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business
can be divided into artificial time periods.
The most typical time segment = Calendar Year
Next most typical time segment = Fiscal Year
(4) Monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设
This assumption states that only transaction data that
can be expressed in terms of money be included in the
accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively
constant over time in terms of purchasing power.
In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of
inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity
operates.
This assumption provides support for the "Historical
Cost" principle.
4. Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计
5. Qualitative characteristics 会计信息质量特征
(1) Reliability 可靠性
For accounting information to be reliable, it must be
dependable and trustworthy.
Accounting information is reliable to the extend that
it is:
Verifiable: means that information has been objectively
determined, arrived at, or created. More than one person
could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar
conclusion.
Representationally faithful: that something is what it
is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed
as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company
can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company,
is in working condition, and is currently being used to
support the revenue generating activities of the company.
Neutral: means that information is presented in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles and practices,
and without bias.
(2) Relevance 相关性
Relevant information is capable of making a difference
in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate
the potential effects of past, present, or future transactions
or other events on future cash flows (predictive value)
or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory
value).
(3) Understandability 可理解性
Understandability is the quality of information that enables
users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and
economic activities and financial reporting, and who study
the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend
its meaning.
(4) Comparability 可比性
Comparability: suggests that accounting information that
has been measured and reported in a similar manner by
different enterprises should be capable of being compared
because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally
accepted accounting principles and practices.
Consistency: suggests that an entity has used the same
accounting principle or practice from one period to another,
therefore, if the dollar amount reported for a category
is different from one period to the next, then chances
are that the difference is due to a change like an increase
or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a
change in the method of calculating the dollar amount.
(5) Substance over form 实质重于形式
Substance over form emphasizes the economic substance
of an event even though its legal form may provide a different
result.
It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting
recognition, measurement and reporting in accordance with
the economic substance rather than the legal form of an
event or transaction.
(6) Materiality 重要性
Information is material if its omission or misstatement
could influence the resource allocation decisions that
users make on the basis of an entity’s financial report.
Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item
judged in the particular circumstances of its omission
or misstatement. Deciding when an amount is material in
relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and
professional expertise.
(7) Conservatism 谨慎性
Conservatism dictates that when in doubt, choose the method
that will be least likely to overstate assets and income,
and understate liabilities and expenses.
(8) Timeliness 及时性
Timeliness means having information available to decision
makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions.
If information becomes available only after the time that
a decision must be made, it has no capacity to influence
that decision and thus lacks relevance.
6. Basic accounting elements 基本会计要素
(1) Asset 资产
An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by
an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events
and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise.
(2) Liability 负债
A liability is a present obligation arising from past
transactions or events which are expected to give rise
to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise.
A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise
under current circumstances. Obligations that will result
from the occurrence of future transactions or events are
not present obligations and shall not be recognized as
liabilities.
(3) owners’ equity 所有者权益
Owners’ equity is the residual interest in the assets
of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities.
Owners’ equity of a company is also known as shareholders’
equity.
(4) Revenue 收入
Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived
from the course of ordinary activities that result in
increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions
from owners.
(5) Expense 费用
Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted
from the course of ordinary activities that result in
decreases in owners’ equity, other than those relating
to appropriations of profits to owners.
(6) Profit 利润
Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a
specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount
of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses
directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc.
7. Five measurement attributes 会计计量属性
(1) Historical cost 历史成本
Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents
paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire
them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are
recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received
in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount
payable under contract for assuming the present obligation,
or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected
to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course
of business.
(2) Current replacement cost 现时重置成本
Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents
that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset
was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the
amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently
required to settle the obligation.
(3) Net realizable value 可实现净值
Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents
that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary
course of business, less the estimated costs of completion,
the estimated selling costs and related tax payments.
(4) Present value 现值
Assets are carried at the present discounted value of
the future net cash inflows that the item is expected
to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal.
Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value
of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be
required to settle the liabilities within the expected
settlement period.
(5) Fair value 公允价值
Assets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which
an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between
knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
8. Financial statements 财务报表
(1) Balance sheet 资产负债表
A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects
the financial position of an enterprise at a specific
date.
(2) Income statement 损益表
An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects
the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting
period.
(3) Statement of cash flows 现金流量表
A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that
reflects the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents
of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.
(4) Statement of changes in owners’equity 所有者权益变动表
A statement of changes in owners’ equity reports the changes
in owners’ equity for a specific period of time.
(5) Notes to financial statements 财务报表附注
Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations
of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations
of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc.
9. Accounting entry 会计分录
Debit: Cash
Credit: Common Stock
10. Basic accounting equation 基本会计等式
Assets = Liabilities + owners’ equity
11. List of present and potential users of financial
information 财务信息的使用者
investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers,
and governmental agencies.
四、审计英语讲解
Auditing
1. Assurance engagements and external audit
◇Materiality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assurance
Materiality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement
of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding
circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of
a reasonable person relying on the information would have
been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement.
An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning
the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating
audit results.
◇Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors
◇Types of opinion: standard unqualified opinion, Unqualified
with additional explanatory language, qualified opinion,
adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion
◇Professional ethics: independence, objectivity, integrity,
professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional
behavior
◇Engagement letter
2. Planning and risk assessment
◇General principles
○Plan and perform audits with an attitude of professional
skepticism
○Audit risks = inherent risk × control risk × detection
risk
(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material
misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal
control. This risk differs by account and assertion.
(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement
will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by
internal control. This risk is assessed using the results
of tests of control.
(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an auditor’s
procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material
misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such
a misstatement does exist. The auditor’s substantive tests
are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk.
○Risk-based approach
◇Understanding the entity and knowledge of the business
The CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the client’s
business that will enable effective planning and performance
of the audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in
(1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration
(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are
produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated
(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reasonableness
(e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance
for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term
contracts)
(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations
(5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the
accounting principles applied and the adequacy of disclosures
◇Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud
○Materiality (level), tolerable error
◇Analytical procedures
Analytical procedures are normally used at three stages
of the audit: (1) planning, (2) substantive testing, and
(3) overall review at the conclusion of an audit. They
are required during the planning and overall review stages.
Analytical procedures used for 3 purposes:
(1) Planning nature, timing, and extent of other auditing
procedures
(2) Substantive tests about particular assertions
(3) Overall review in the final stage of audit
◇Planning an audit
◇Audit documentation: working papers
◇The work of others
○Rely on the work of experts
○Rely on the work of internal audit
3. Internal control
Internal control is a process effected by an entity’s
board of directors, management, and other personnel—designed
to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement
of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability
of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency
of operations, and (3) compliance with applicable laws
and regulations.
Five components of internal control
(1) control environment
(2) risk assessment
(3) control activities
(4) information and communication
(5) monitoring
◇The evaluation of internal control systems
○Tests of control
○Substantive procedures (time, nature, extent)
◇Transaction cycles: revenue, purchases, inventory, etc.
4. Audit evidence
◇Obtain sufficient, appropriate audit evidence
◇Assertions contained in the financial statements: completeness,
occurrence, existence, measurement, presentation and disclosure,
rights and obligations, valuation
◇The audit of specific items
○Receivables: confirmation
○Inventory: counting, cut-off, confirmation of inventory
held by third parties
○Payables: supplier statement reconciliation, confirmation
○Bank and cash: bank confirmation
◇Auditing sampling
5. Review
◇Subsequent events
◇Going concern
◇Management representations
◇Audit finalization and the final review: unadjusted differences
6. Reporting
审计
1.鉴证业务和外部审计
◇重要性，真实、公允反映，合理保证
◇注册会计师的聘用，解聘和辞职
◇审计意见类型：标准无保留意见，带解释段的无保留意见，保留意见，否定意见，无法表示意见
◇职业道德：独立、客观和公正，专业胜任能力，应有的关注，保密性，职业行为
◇审计业务约定书
2.审计计划和风险评估
◇一般原则
○计划和执行审计业务应保持应有的职业怀疑态度
○审计风险=固有风险×控制风险×检查风险
○风险导向型审计
◇了解被审单位
◇估计重大错报或舞弊的风险
○重要性水平，可容忍误差
◇分析性复核程序
◇制定审计计划
◇审计记录：工作底稿
◇利用其他人的工作
○利用专家工作
○利用内部审计人员的工作
3.内部控制
◇内部控制系统评价
○控制测试
○实质性程序（时间，性质，范围）
◇交易循环：收入循环、采购循环、存货循环，等等。
4.审计证据
◇获取充分、适当的审计证据
◇财务报表所包含的认定：完整性，发生，存在，计价，表达和披露，权利和义务, 估价
◇具体项目的审计
○应收账款：函证
○存货：盘点，截止测试，对第三方持有存货进行函证
○应付账款：供应商对帐，函证
○货币资金：银行函证
◇审计抽样
5.复核
◇期后事项
◇持续经营
◇管理层声明
◇终结审计和最后复核：未调整差异
6.审计报告
Examples for audit report
(1) Standard unqualified report
Independent Auditor’s Report
To: Board of Directors and Stockholders
ABC Company
We have audited the accompanying balance
sheet of ABC Co., Ltd. (“ the Company”) as of December
31, 2006, and the related statements of income and cash
flows for the year then ended. These financial statements
are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an audit opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance
with the Independent Auditing Standards for Certified
Public Accountants. Those Standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. An audit also includes assessing
the accounting principles used and significant estimates
made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our
audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements
give a true and fair view( or are presented fairly, in
all material respects, ) the financial position of ABC
as of December 31, 2006 , and the results of its operations
and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity
with the requirements of both the Accounting Standard
for Business Enterprises and other relevant financial
and accounting laws and regulations promulgated by the
State.
Zhang Hua, CPA
February 26, 2007
(2) Unqualified with additional explanatory language
Independent Auditor’s Report
To: Board of Directors and Stockholders
ABC Company
We have audited the accompanying balance
sheet of ABC Co., Ltd. (“ the Company”) as of December
31, 2006, and the related statements of income and cash
flows for the year then ended. These financial statements
are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an audit opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance
with the Independent Auditing Standards for Certified
Public Accountants. Those Standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. An audit also includes assessing
the accounting principles used and significant estimates
made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our
audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements
give a true and fair view( or are presented fairly, in
all material respects, ) the financial position of ABC
as of December 31, 2006 , and the results of its operations
and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity
with the requirements of both the Accounting Standard
for Business Enterprises and other relevant financial
and accounting laws and regulations promulgated by the
State.
In the course of our audit, we have
reminded the management that, due to the sharp price decline
in the stock market since January 2003, an investment
loss totaling RMB5 700 000 would be incurred if the short-term
equity securities held by your Company were sold out on
March 10.
Zhang Hua, CPA
February 26, 2007
(3) qualified opinion
Independent Auditor’s Report
To: Board of Directors and Stockholders
ABC Company
We have audited the accompanying balance
sheet of ABC Co., Ltd. (“ the Company”) as of December
31, 2006, and the related statements of income and cash
flows for the year then ended. These financial statements
are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an audit opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance
with the Independent Auditing Standards for Certified
Public Accountants. Those Standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. An audit also includes assessing
the accounting principles used and significant estimates
made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our
audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
The Company has excluded from property
and debt in the accompanying balance sheets, certain lease
obligations that, in our opinion, should be capitalized
in order to conform with China generally accepted accounting
principles. If these lease obligations were capitalized,
property would be increased by RMB ____, long-term debt
by RMB ____, and retained earnings by RMB ____ as of December
31, 2006, respectively. Additionally, net income would
be decreased by RMB ____ and earnings per share would
be decreased by RMB ____, respectively for the year then
ended.
In our opinion, except for the effects
of not capitalizing certain lease obligations as discussed
in the preceding paragraph, the financial statements referred
to above give a true and fair view( or are presented fairly,
in all material respects, ) the financial position of
ABC as of December 31, 2006 , and the results of its operations
and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity
with the requirements of both the Accounting Standard
for Business Enterprises and other relevant financial
and accounting laws and regulations promulgated by the
State.
(4) adverse opinion
Independent Auditor’s Report
To: Board of Directors and Stockholders
ABC Company
We have audited the accompanying balance
sheet of ABC Co., Ltd. (“ the Company”) as of December
31, 2006, and the related statements of income and cash
flows for the year then ended. These financial statements
are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an audit opinion on these
financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance
with the Independent Auditing Standards for Certified
Public Accountants. Those Standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the
financial statements. An audit also includes assessing
the accounting principles used and significant estimates
made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our
audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
The inventory costing method as in
Note XX and the valuation method for fixed assets as in
Note XX do not follow the historical cost principle. This
departure from the accounting standards has caused a RMB___
decrease in the inventory value as well as a RMB___ increase
in the original value of fixed assets, which has a material
impact on the correctness of the income determination.
In our opinion, due to the material
impact of the matters mentioned above, the financial statements
referred to above do not give a true and fair view( or
are not presented fairly, in all material respects, )
the financial position as of December 31, 2002 , and the
results of its operations and its cash flows for the years
then ended, and are not in conformity with the requirements
of both the Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises
and other relevant financial and accounting laws and regulations
promulgated by the State.
(5) disclaimer of opinion
Independent Auditor’s Report
To: Board of Directors and Stockholders
ABC Company
We were engaged to audit the balance
sheet of your Company as of December 31, 2006 and the related
statements of income and cash flows for the year then ended.
These financial statements are the responsibility of the
Company’s management.
According to our examination, most of
the inventory purchases and product sales of your Company
are, as disclosed in the accompanying Note XX, transactions
between related parties. However, we were unable, as a result
of the limits imposed by management, to perform the necessary
audit procedures on those transactions. Thus we were unable
to conclude whether these transactions were fair and reasonable.
Because of the inability to perform the
necessary audit procedures on the related party transaction
mentioned above and the impossibility to determine their
impact on the financial statements as a whole, we are unable
to express an audit opinion whether the financial statements
referred to above comply with the requirements of both the
Accounting Standard for Business Enterprises and other relevant
financial and accounting laws and regulations promulgated
by the State, or whether these financial statements present
fairly the financial position as of December 31, 2006 ,
and the results of its operations and its cash flows for
the year then ended. |